Anti-nNOS Antibody

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless, free radical gas that carries a variety of messages between cells. Vasorelaxation, [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/neuroscience/neurotransmission.html]][[Caption:neurotransmission]] and cytotoxicity can all be potentiated through cellular response to NO. NO production is mediated by members of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family including the two constitutive isoforms: brain, bNOS, or neuronal NOS, [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/nnos]][[Caption:nNOS]] (type I) and endothelial cell NOS, [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/enos]][[Caption:eNOS]] (type III); along with the inducible isoform, [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/inos]][[Caption:iNOS]] (type II). NOS catalyzes the oxidization of L-arginine to produce L-citrulline and NO, requiring the cofactors [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/calmodulin]][[Caption:calmodulin]], nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/heme]][[Caption:heme]], and [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/tetrahydrobiopterin]][[Caption:tetrahydrobiopterin]] (1).

The 131 kDa enzyme, iNOS, is found in a variety of cell types including macrophages, hepatocytes, synoviocytes, and smooth muscle cells. While constitutively expressed in kidneys, in other tissues iNOS is induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), growth factors, and [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/immunology/chemokines-cytokines]][[Caption:cytokines]] such as [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/ifn-gamma]][[Caption:IFN-gamma]], [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/tnf-alpha]][[Caption:TNF]], [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/il-1-beta-il-1f2]][[Caption:IL-1]] and [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/common-name/il-2]][[Caption:IL-2]]. iNOS is not regulated by the level of intracellular Ca2+ and is constantly active as a dimer when expressed. iNOS activity is elevated in a variety of diseases including atherosclerosis, heart failure, sepsis, solid tumors, and [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/lipid-and-metabolism-diabetes-research.html]][[Caption:type 2 diabetes]]. Acting as a critical mediator of [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/immunology/inflammation]][[Caption:inflammation]] and [[URL:https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/apoptosis]][[Caption:apoptosis]], iNOS inhibitors have been shown to alleviate obesity and stress inducted insulin resistance in mouse models (2,3).

References

1. Forstermann U, and Sessa WC. (2012) Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 33(7): 829-837. PMID: 21890489

2. Aktan F. (2004) iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production and its regulation. Life Sci. 75(6):639-53. PMID: 15172174

3. Cinelli MA, Do HT, Miley GP, Silverman RB. (2020) Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev. 40(1):158-189. PMID: 31192483